EP Allergic Cascade Test Kit

Kit Contents — 30 Vials

Allergic Rhinitis

Alpha-gal

- Allergen related to meat allergy said to be caused by tick bites; also called galactose-α-1,3-galactose

Atopic Dermatitis

Asthma

Basophils

Cytokine Storm

Dendritic Cells (DC)

- Dendritic cells (DCs) are a key part of the immune system and play a central role in allergic responses. DCs are antigen-presenting cells that capture and process allergens, then present them to T cells to initiate an immune response. https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(12)00355-7/fulltext

Eczema

Epinephrine

Eosinophils

Histamine

Histamine Receptors H1,2,3

Histamine Receptor H4

IgE

IgE Receptor, FcεR1

IgE-Producing Plasma Cells

- Plasma cells develop from B lymphocytes (B cells), a type of white blood cell that is made in the bone marrow. Normally, when bacteria or viruses enter the body, some of the B cells will change into plasma cells. The plasma cells make antibodies to fight bacteria and viruses, to stop infection and disease.

IgG1

IgG4

Langerhans cells

Mast cell

MBC2s, Type 2-Polarized Memory B Cells

“Memory B cells (MBCs) contribute to circulating IgE by regenerating IgE-producing plasma cells upon allergen encounter. Here, we report a population of type 2-polarized MBCs defined as CD23^hi, IL-4Rα^hi, and CD32^low at both the transcriptional and surface protein levels. These MBC2s are enriched in IgG1- and IgG4-expressing cells while constitutively expressing germline transcripts for IgE.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38324637/

MBC2 CD23^hi Type 2-Polarizing Memory B Cells,

MBC2 IL-4Rα^hi Type 2-Polarizing Memory B Cells,

MBC2 CD32^low Type 2-Polarizing Memory B Cells,

Naïve CD4⁺ T Cells

“Via the uptake and presentation of allergens by dendritic cells residing in the respective mucosal tissue, naïve CD4⁺ T cells are activated and differentiate into Type 2 helper T cell (Th2) cells. Consecutively, Th2 cells and their cytokine production driven by IL-4 and IL-13 promote/facilitate the production of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)antibodies from B cells.” https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5535981/

TH1 / T Helper 1 Cell Response

“…T helper (Th) cells provide helper functions to other cells of the immune system—especially the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells—and are important for their activation and maturation. There are distinct subsets of CD4⁺ Th cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17 and T regulatory cells, each activated by a specific set of cytokines and transcription factors and characterized by the cytokines they secrete and effector functions they perform.” https://www.thermofisher.com/ca/en/home/life-science/cell-analysis/cell-analysis-learning-center/immunology-at-work/t-helper-1-cell-overview.html

TH2 / T Helper 2 Cell Response

“…Th2 cells mediate the activation and maintenance of the humoral, or antibody-mediated, immune response against extracellular parasites, bacteria, allergens, and toxins. Th2 cells mediate these functions by producing various cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-17E (IL-25).  https://www.thermofisher.com/ca/en/home/life-science/cell-analysis/cell-analysis-learning-center/immunology-at-work/t-helper-2-cell-overview.html

Tregs / Regulatory T cells

- Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress immune response, thereby maintaining homeostasis and self-tolerance. It has been shown that Tregs are able to inhibit T cell proliferation and cytokine production and play a critical role in preventing autoimmunity.

TH17 / Helper 17 Cells

Urticaria